The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual ContextsContrary to prevailing opinion, the roots of modern science were planted in the ancient and medieval worlds long before the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Indeed, that revolution would have been inconceivable without the cumulative antecedent efforts of three great civilizations: Greek, Islamic, and Latin. With the scientific riches it derived by translation from Greco Islamic sources in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the